Tsar Nicholas II, the last emperor of Russia, ascended the throne in 1894. His reign was marked by political turmoil, economic hardship, and social unrest. In the early 20th century, Russia experienced a series of crises, including the Russo-Japanese War and the Bloody Sunday massacre. These events led to the growth of revolutionary movements, and in 1917, the February Revolution broke out, forcing Nicholas to abdicate. The Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, seized power in the October Revolution, and the Romanov family was executed in 1918. The Russian Revolution had a profound impact on Russia and the world, marking the beginning of the Soviet Union and the Cold War.
